ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT AND THE IMPACT OF BUCCAL CORRIDORS ON SMILE ATTRACTIVENESS
Keywords:
attractiveness, buccal corridors, smile, orthodontic treatment, perceptionAbstract
Aesthetic values today differ from those that were standard until a few decades ago. Facial aesthetics evolve from simple microesthetics of teeth achieved with orthodontic treatment to macro aesthetics of the face as well as the way teeth affect facial proportions. These proportions are evaluated as perceptions of facial beauty. Aesthetic perception is a variable factor and depends on the individual and is greatly influenced by his personal experience and social environment, which is one of the reasons why professional opinion on the evaluation of facial aesthetics can not always match the perception and expectations of patients or the general population. Aesthetic and attractive smile is one of the most important components that affects the overall facial aesthetics. In orthodontic treatment, in addition to the basic characteristics of a smile, the size, shape and color of the teeth, factors that contribute to obtaining an attractive smile relate to the characteristics of the gingiva (color, contour, texture, gingival visibility), presence of smile arc, visibility teeth as well as the space of the buccal corridors.
Margaret Wolf Hangerford famously said "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder", the aesthetic perception is subjective.
The aim of this paper is to explain the buccal corridors as one of the eight main components of a smile and to elaborate their impact on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
There are many attempts in the literature to study the impact of orthodontic treatment on facial aesthetics, especially the aesthetics of a smile. There are different ways in which informations are collected, analyzed and published. The search for papers was done in the PubMed database, through a predefined strategy and covers papers from 1958 to 2022. Auxiliary tools were used, selection of papers in the last 5 years, which describe the impact of orthodontic treatment on facial aesthetics and attractiveness of the smile as well as the perception of the smile from different panels (orthodontists, dentists, general population).
The minimal space of the buccal corridors can be considered as one of the preferred aesthetic features, those with large buccal corridors can be considered as subjects for orthodontic treatment from an aesthetic point of view.
References
Abu, Alhaija, E. S., Al-Shamsi, N. O., & Al-Khateeb, S. (2011). Perceptions of Jordanian laypersons and dental professionals to altered smile aesthetics. European journal of orthodontics, 33(4), 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjq100
Al Taki, A., Khalesi, M., Shagmani, M., Yahia, I., & Al Kaddah, F. (2016). Perceptions of Altered Smile Esthetics: A Comparative Evaluation in Orthodontists, Dentists, and Laypersons. International journal of dentistry, 2016, 7815274. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7815274
Afsari, E., Niksolat, E., Sadeghi rad, S., Moshajari, A., & Kazem Nezhad, E. (2019). Comparing Orthodontist, Prosthodontist, Dental and Non-Dental Student Views on the Impact of Buccal Corridor on Smile Attractiveness of Women with Different Face Shapes. Journal of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 36(2), 42-46. https://doi.org/10.22037/jds.v36i2.24546
Ackerman, M. B., & Ackerman, J. L. (2002). Smile analysis and design in the digital era. Journal of clinical orthodontics: JCO, 36(4), 221–236.
Czarnecki, S. T., Nanda, R. S., & Currier, G. F. (1993). Perceptions of a balanced facial profile. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 104(2), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(05)81008-X
Desai, S., Upadhyay, M., & Nanda, R. (2009). Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 136(3), 310.e1–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.01.021
Dong, J. K., Jin, T. H., Cho, H. W., & Oh, S. C. (1999). The esthetics of the smile: a review of some recent studies. The International journal of prosthodontics, 12(1), 9–19.
Frush, J. P., & Fisher, R. D. (1958). The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 8(4), 558–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(58)90043-x
Flores-Mir, C., Silva, E., Barriga, M. I., Lagravere, M. O., & Major, P. W. (2004). Lay person's perception of smile aesthetics in dental and facial views. Journal of orthodontics, 31(3), 204–201. https://doi.org/10.1179/146531204225022416
Gracco, A., Cozzani, M., D'Elia, L., Manfrini, M., Peverada, C., & Siciliani, G. (2006). The smile buccal corridors: aesthetic value for dentists and laypersons. Progress in orthodontics, 7(1), 56–65.
Grover, N., Kapoor, D. N., Verma, S., & Bharadwaj, P. (2015). Smile analysis in different facial patterns and its correlation with underlying hard tissues. Progress in orthodontics, 16, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40510-015-0099-4
Hulsey, C. M. (1970). An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. American journal of orthodontics, 57(2), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(70)90260-5
Ioi, H., Kang, S., Shimomura, T., Kim, S. S., Park, S. B., Son, W. S., & Takahashi, I. (2013). Effects of vertical positions of anterior teeth on smile esthetics in Japanese and korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry, 25(4), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12032
Johnson, D. K., & Smith, R. J. (1995). Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 108(2), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(95)70079-x
Kaya, B., & Uyar, R. (2013). Influence on smile attractiveness of the smile arc in conjunction with gingival display. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 144(4), 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.05.006
KS, R., & HV, M. (2020). Effect of buccal corridors on smile esthetics. IP Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research, 6(1), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijodr.2020.003
Ker, A. J., Chan, R., Fields, H. W., Beck, M., & Rosenstiel, S. (2008). Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson's perspective: a computer-based survey study. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 139(10), 1318–1327. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0043
Kristjánsson, A., & Campana, G. (2010). Where perception meets memory: a review of repetition priming in visual search tasks. Attention, perception & psychophysics, 72(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.1.5
Kokich, V. O., Jr, Kiyak, H. A., & Shapiro, P. A. (1999). Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. Journal of esthetic dentistry, 11(6), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.1999.tb00414.x
Lacerda-Santos, R., Pereira, T. B., & Pithon, M. M. (2015). Esthetic perception of the buccal corridor in different facial types by laypersons of different ages. Bioscience Journal, 31(4), 1283–1290. https://doi.org/10.14393/bj-v31n4a2015-28654
Martin, A. J., Buschang, P. H., Boley, J. C., Taylor, R. W., & McKinney, T. W. (2007). The impact of buccal corridors on smile attractiveness. European journal of orthodontics, 29(5), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjm063
Moore, T., Southard, K. A., Casko, J. S., Qian, F., & Southard, T. E. (2005). Buccal corridors and smile esthetics. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 127(2), 208–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.11.027
Minick, G., Trommeter, B. C., Tilliss, T., Oesterle, L. J., Newman, S. M., & Shellhart, W. C. (2020). Effects of Tooth Whitening on The Appearance of Crowding And Buccal Corridors. Decisions in Dentistry, 6(3), 22–25.
Mokhtar, H. A., Abuljadayel, L. W., Al-Ali, R. M., & Yousef, M. (2015). The perception of smile attractiveness among Saudi population. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 7, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S74764
McNamara, L., McNamara, J. A., Jr, Ackerman, M. B., & Baccetti, T. (2008). Hard- and soft-tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 133(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.05.042McLeod, C., Fields, H. W., Hechter, F., Wiltshire, W., Rody, W., Jr, & Christensen, J. (2011). Esthetics and smile characteristics evaluated by laypersons. The Angle orthodontist, 81(2), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.2319/060510-309.1
Nurfitrah, A., Christnawati, C., & Alhasyimi, A.A. (2018). Comparison of esthetic smile perceptions among male and female Indonesian dental students relating to the buccal corridors of a smile. Dental Journal: Majalah Kedokteran Gigi, 50, 127-130.
Nascimento, D., Santos, Ê., Machado, A., & Bittencourt, M. (2012). Influence of buccal corridor dimension on smile esthetics. Dental Press Journal Of Orthodontics, 17(5), 145-150. doi: 10.1590/s2176-94512012000500020
Oshagh, M., Zarif, N. H., & Bahramnia, F. (2010). Evaluation of the effect of buccal corridor size on smile attractiveness. The European journal of esthetic dentistry, 5(4), 370–380.
Pavicic, D. K., Kolceg, M., Lajnert, V., Pavlic, A., Brumini, M., & Spalj, S. (2018). Changes in Quality of Life Induced by Tooth Whitening are Moderated by Perfectionism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The International journal of prosthodontics, 31(4), 394–396. https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.5499
Pisulkar, S. K., Agrawal, R., Belkhode, V., Nimonkar, S., Borle, A., & Godbole, S. R. (2019). Perception of Buccal Corridor Space on Smile Aesthetics among Specialty Dentist and Layperson. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 9(5), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_2_19
Parekh, S., Fields, H. W., Beck, F. M., & Rosenstiel, S. F. (2007). The acceptability of variations in smile arc and buccal corridor space. Orthodontics & craniofacial research, 10(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00378.x
Parekh, S. M., Fields, H. W., Beck, M., & Rosenstiel, S. (2006). Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. The Angle orthodontist, 76(4), 557–563. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2006)076[0557:AOVITS]2.0.CO;2
Pithon, M. M., Bastos, G. W., Miranda, N. S., Sampaio, T., Ribeiro, T. P., Nascimento, L. E., & Coqueiro, R. (2013). Esthetic perception of black spaces between maxillary central incisors by different age groups. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 143(3), 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.10.020
Rajeev, A., Vinoth, S., Nagalakshmi, S., Rajkumar, B., Dhayanithi, D., & Kumar, P. (2018). Evaluation of buccal corridor sizes in esthetic smile perception among general dentists and laypersons. Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist Researchers, 5(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.4103/jiadsr.jiadsr_4_18
Roden-Johnson, D., Gallerano, R., & English, J. (2005). The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 127(3), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.02.013
Ritter, D. E., Gandini, L. G., Pinto, A., & Locks, A. (2006). Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling. The Angle orthodontist, 76(2), 198–203. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2006)076[0198:EIONSI]2.0.CO;2
Russello S. (2013). The impact of media exposure on self-esteem and body satisfaction in men and women. J Interdisciplinary Undergrad Res, 1(1), 1–12.
Samantha, C., & Sridharan, S. (2016). Comparison of perception of smile by orthodontists and other specialty dentists: A questionnaire study. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 7(3), 92. https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-5243.192530
Sarver, D. M., & Ackerman, M. B. (2003). Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 124(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00306-8
Sarver, D. M., & Ackerman, M. B. (2003). Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 124(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00307-x
Sarver D. M. (2001). The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 120(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2001.114301
Silva, Gabrielle de Carli, & Castilhos, E. D., Masotti, A. S., & Rodrigues-Junior, S., A. (2012). Dental esthetic self-perception of Brazilian dental students. RSBO Revista Sul-Brasileira de Odontologia,9(4),375-381. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=153024697004
Spyropoulos, M. N., & Halazonetis, D. J. (2001). Significance of the soft tissue profile on facial esthetics. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, 119(5), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2001.113656
Thomas, M., Reddy, R., & Reddy, B. J. (2011). Perception differences of altered dental esthetics by dental professionals and laypersons. Indian journal of dental research, 22(2), 242–247. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.84295
Tarnach, K., Mittal, S., & Teja, P. (2020). A correlative study to evaluate the effect of various skeletal and dentoalveolar parameters on smile esthetics in different malocclusion groups. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation, 11(4), 157. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijor.ijor_9_20
Tjan, A. H., Miller, G. D., & The, J. G. (1984). Some esthetic factors in a smile. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, 51(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3913(84)80097-9
Tüzgiray, Y. B., & Kaya, B. (2013). Factors Affecting Smile Esthetics. Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, 26(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.13076/j.tjo.2013.26.01_58
Yoon, M.E.; Jin, T.H.; and Dong, J.K. (1992). A study on the smile in Korean youth. J. Kor. Acad. Prosthod. 30:259-270.
