PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS - SIALOLITHIASIS
Keywords:
salivary gland, calculi, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, Wharton’s ductAbstract
Sialolithiasis or salivary duct calculus is the most common pathological condition of the salivary glands. Sialolithiasis represents more than 50% of all major diseases of the salivary glands that occur in the elderly population, but it often occurs in young people as well. Calculi are deposits of calcium salts that obstruct the drainage channels of the small and large salivary glands, and not infrequently affect the parenchymal parts of the salivary glands. Sialolite is made up of organic substances such as glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides and cellular debris, as well as inorganic substances calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.Most of the time, they have an oval shape and during examination with the PCR method, the remains of bacterial DNA were found. The disease usually occurs in middle-aged adults, but it can also occur in children and younger people. It occurs two to three times more often in men than in women. It most often occurs in one salivary gland, but in about 3% of cases it occurs simultaneously in several glands. In larger glands, calculi are more often localized in the main duct than intraglandular. The symptoms of obstruction of the salivary glands from calculi initially go with mild colic, while later edema of the affected salivary glands occurs. The symptoms appear when, in addition to the existence of calculi in drainage channels, there is a disturbance in the flow of saliva, that is, there will be a return of saliva to the acini - Backflou. Treatment of sialolithiasis is primarily surgical. The removal of calculi is indicated in the period when there is no sign of acute infection in the duct or in the gland itself. If the calculus is small from 1 to 2 mm and is located near or at the orifice of the outlet channel, its removal can be done by massaging the gland.
In other cases, if the calculus is removed surgically. Sialolithiasis, as a frequent disease of the elderly population but also of the younger population, deserves special attention because this disease can often be prevented through proper maintenance of oral hygiene, remediation of oral factors that lead to disturbance of the Ph value of the oral cavity, treatment of associated comorbidities conditions
References
Abe, A., Kurita, K., Hayashi, H., & Minagawa, M. (2019). A case of minor salivary gland sialolithiasis of the upper lip. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 23(1):91–94. doi: 10.1007/s10006-019-00745-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Brooks, J.K., Price, J.B., & Jones, J.L.(2020). Giant sialolith and tonsillolith with giant ghost images: rare presentations. Gen Dent. 68(6):18-22.
Bhovit, V., Jaju, P.P., Ojha, S., & Bhadouria, P. (2017). Giant submandibular sialolith in an old female patient. A case report and review of literature. Case Rep. – Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine & Radiology.
Dimitrijević, M., Popovski, V., Pešić, Z., Videnović, G., & Krasić, D. (2017). Maksilofacijalna hirurgija Galaksijanis Niš.
Goncalves, M., Schapher, M., Iro, H., Wuest, W., Mantsopoulos, K., & Koch, M. (2017). Value of Sonography in the Diagnosis of Sialolithiasis: Comparison with the Reference Standard of Direct Stone Identification. J. Ultrasound Med. 36:2227–2235. doi: 10.1002/jum.14255. - DOI - PubMed
Goncalves, M., Mantsopoulos, K., Schapher, M.L., Zenk, J., Bozzato, A., Kuenzel, J., Zengel, P., Iro, H., & Koch M. (2019). Interrater Reliability of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Sialolithiasis. Ultraschall Med.-Eur. J. Ultrasound. 40:481–487. doi: 10.1055/a-0837-0712. - DOI - PubMed
Kumar, N.D., Sherubin, J.E., & Bagavathy, K. (2021). Sialolithiasis: An unusually large salivary stone. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 20:227–9. - PMC - PubMed
Kessler, A.T., & Bhatt, A.A. (2018). Review of the major and minor salivary glands, part 1: anatomy, infectious, and inflammatory processes. J Clin Imaging Sci. 8:1–8. doi: 10.4103/jcis.JCIS_45_18. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Matiakis, A., & Tzermpos, F. (2021). Sialolithiasis of minor salivary gland: a challenging diagnostic dilemma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 47(2):145–148. doi: 10.5125/jkaoms.2021.47.2.145. - DOI - PMC -PubMed
Singh, A., Peres, M.A., & Watt, R.G. (2019). The relationship between income and oral health: a critical review. J Dent Res. 98:853-860.
Thong, H.K., Othman, I.A., Ramli, R., & Sabir Husin Athar, P.P. (2021). Painless giant submandibular gland sialolith: A case report. Cureus. 13:e19429. - PMC - PubMed
Zhao, Y.N., Zhang, Y.Q., Zhang, L.Q., Xie, X.Y., Liu, D.G., & Yu, G.Y. (2020). Treatment strategy of hilar and intraglandular stones in wharton’s duct: A 12-year experience. Laryngoscope. 130:2360–2365. doi: 10.1002/lary.28361. - DOI - PubMed
