SKIN CHANGES IN HORMONAL IMBALANCE
Keywords:
skin, hormones, endocrine system, influenceAbstract
The skin, as the largest organ in the human body, represents the biological barrier between the body and the external environment. It is closely related to the endocrine system. The endocrine system is involved in the normal development and functioning of the skin. There are a number of factors affecting its condition. One of these factors are the hormones, as a product of the endocrine glands. Nowadays, due to the dynamic lifestyle and rapidly developing society, every person is subjected to psychological stress, unpredictable emotions (depression, irritability, anger), weight gain, insomnia and others. All of these conditions lead to an increase or decrease in hormone levels, which has an impact on the skin’s condition. Due to the ability of the skin to synthesize hormones and substances with hormone-like activity, it can be considered an endocrine organ. It is involved in the synthesis of hormones important for the hormonal regulation, such as sex steroids, glucocorticoids, vitamin D, prolactin, retinoids and others.
This study examines the sex hormones, the thyroid hormones, the growth hormone, the adrenal hormones and their effects on the skin. Due to the hypo- or hyperfunction of the endocrine glands, in both cases, skin changes as signs of skin aging, such as skin dryness, rough, highly thickened skin or loss of density, thinning of the skin and the appearance of stretch marks, reduction of elasticity and relaxation, increased sensitivity to environmental factors, etc., are observed. In order to avoid changes in the skin, the internal organs and the systems related to hormonal imbalance, many of the hormones today are obtained synthetically.
References
Affinito, P., Palomba. S., Sorrentino, C., Di Carlo, C., Bifulco, G., Arienzo, M. & Nappi, C. (1999). Effects of postmenopausal hypoestrogenism on skin collagen. Maturitas. 1999;33:239-47.
Aguilera, G. (1998) Corticotropin releasing hormone, receptor regulation and the stress response. Trends Endocrinol Metab;9:329-36.
Akamatsu, H., Zouboulis, C.C. & Orfanos, C.E. (1992). Control of human sebocyte proliferation in vitro by testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is dependent on the localization of the sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol;99:509-11.
Constanti, A., Bartke, A. & Khardori, R. (1998). Basic Endocrinology for Students of Pharmacy and Allied Clinical Health Sciences. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers;
Deplewski, D. & Rosenfield, L. (2000). Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr Rev.;21:363-92
Heaton, W. (2003). Hormone treatments and preventive strategies in the aging male: whom and when to treat? Rev Urol: 5 (Suppl. 1): S16–S21.
Jameson, L. (2022). Chapter 377: Mechanisms of Hormone Action. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21e. McGraw Hill.
Kemény, L., & Fisher, D. E. (2020). Hormones and Hormone Precursors of the Skin. Elsevier EBooks, 531–556.
Laron, Z. (2002). Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 deficiency on ageing and longevity. Novartis Found Symp;242:125-37.
MacKendrick, N. & Troxel, H. (2022). Like a finely-oiled machine: Self-help and the elusive goal of hormone balance Social Science & Medicine, Volume 309, Pages 115242.
Rosenfield, R.L. (2005). Hirsutism and the variable response of the pilosebaceous unit to androgen. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc.;10:205-8.
Rzepecki, A., Murase, J., Juran, R., Fabi, S. & McLellan, B. (2019). M. Estrogen-deficient skin: The role of topical therapy. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 85-90.
Seal, J.L. (2017). Male hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy;Vol. 45. ISSUE 9.
Shu, Y.Y. & Maibach, H.I. (2011). Estrogen and skin: therapeutic options. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 12, 297–311.
Slominski, A.T., Zmijewski, M.A., Skobowiat, C., Zbytek, B., Slominski, R.M. & Steketee, J.D. (2012). Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin’s Neuroendocrine System. Springer Science & Business Media.
Soutor, C. & Hordinsky, K.(2022). Clinical Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management of Common Disorders, 2e. McGraw Hill. Chapter 1: Structure and Function of the Skin
Valdes-Rodriguez, R., Torres-Alvarez, B., Gonzalez-Muro, J. & Almeda Valdes, P. (2012). La piel y el sistema endocrinológico; 148:162-8.
Verdier-Sévrain, S. (2007). Effect of estrogens on skin aging and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric;10:289-97.
Wilkinson, H.N. & Hardman, M.J. (2017). The role of estrogen in cutaneous ageing and repair. Maturitas. 103, 60–64.
Wollina, U., Goldman, A., Berger, U. & Abdel-Naser, M. (2008). Esthetic and cosmetic dermatology. Dermatologic Therapy, Vol. 21, 118–130.
Zouboulis, C.C. & Boschnakow, A. (2001). Chronological ageing and photoageing of the human sebaceous gland. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 26, 600–607.
Zouboulis, C.C. (2003). Intrinsische hautalterung. Eine kritische bewertung der rolle der hormone (Intrinsic ageing of skin. A critical assessment of the role of hormones). Hautarzt: 54: 825–832.
Митева, Л., Лазарова, Р. & Асанова, Б. (2012). Ръководство по медико – естетични грижи. Първа част.
Тачева, М. (2013). Естетиклиника в книга. Как да върнем времето? Първо издание:162 – 170.
